Vol. 6/1 | 2023 | Oliver et al.

Type specimens of 103 species, in 111 lots, of land molluscs from Madeira and the Canary Islands described by R. T. Lowe have been found in the Booth Museum, Brighton. The collections were donated by Col. L. Worthington-Wilmer in 1911 and were selected from the collection of R. T. Lowe. An exemplar from each type lot is illustrated and the references for the original descriptions and type localities are given.

Keywords: Madeira - Canary Islands - terrestrial Mollusca - Col. L. Worthington-Wilmer - R. T. Lowe - T. V. Wollaston - syntypes

Les spécimens types de 103 espèces en 111 lots, de mollusques terrestres de Madère et des îles Canaries, décrits par R. T. Lowe, ont été trouvés au Booth Museum, Brighton. Les séries ont été données par le colonel L. Worthington-Wilmer en 1911 et ont été sélectionnées dans la collection de R. T. Lowe. Un exemplaire de chaque lot type est illustré et les références des descriptions originales et des localités types sont données.

Mots clés : Madeira - îles Canaries - mollusques terrestres - colonel L. Worthington-Wilmer - R. T. Lowe - T. V. Wollaston - syntypes

Introduction

In the United Kingdom important taxonomic collections containing type specimens are often assumed to be held by national, larger municipal or university museums. However, recent work through the "Mollusca Types in GB & Ireland" project (Ablett et al., 2018, https://gbmolluscatypes.ac.uk) has revealed that many smaller museums hold type specimens. These range from small independent museums such as Tenby in Wales (Oliver et al., 2020) to city museums such as Exeter (Oliver et al., 2017). In 2021 the first author visited the Booth Museum of Natural History in Brighton, England to assess the collections of Mollusca and make recommendations on their significance and potential roles (Oliver, 2022, confidential report for Royal Pavilion and Museums, Brighton).

The Booth Museum ¹ (Fig. 1) was built in 1874 to house the private collection of Edward Thomas Booth ¹ (1840–1890) and became a public museum in 1890. Booth was a pioneer of preparing mounted birds in a natural backdrop and was the first to exhibit his dioramas (Fig. 2), for which the museum remains renowned. The collection of south and Central American butterflies is also documented (Legg, 1984) but the Mollusca have been largely ignored.

The review by Oliver (2022) found that the there was a good representation of the land and freshwater molluscs of the south-east of England typified by the Jenner collection (Fig. 3) (Jenner, 1891) and of subtropical and tropical land snails typified by the Tulk-Hart (1847–1920) collection (Fig. 4). Undoubtedly this collection contains many rare, endangered or even extinct species but the provenance of this material is obscure rendering it of little taxonomic value.

A miscellany of late Victorian material contained some shells exchanged or purchased through Sowerby & Fulton ², Ronald Winckworth ³ and J. R. Le B. Tomlin ⁴. Among the general collection were many shells attributed to a Col. Worthington-Wilmer but in two drawers were selections of neatly arranged boxes of land snails from the Macaronesian islands of Madeira and the Canaries (Fig. 5). The drawer of Madeiran species was immediately of interest as it indicated that these boxes were once part of the R. T. Lowe collection, the pioneer of Madeiran land snail descriptions from 1831 to 1861. These shells were donated by Col. Louis Worthington-Wilmer in August 1911 and the museum register states “Selection of the Madeira section of the collection of shells formed by the late Rev. Canon Lowe” and then against a type list of the shells “Catalogue of the Madeira section of the collection of Shells got together by the late Rev. Canon Lowe”. This drawer contains 130 lots, the majority of species described by Lowe. A second donation in October of the same year consists of shells from the Canary islands, 82 lots plus another three from Madeira and Cape Verde islands. These collections were initially donated to the Brighton Museum and Art Gallery and were transferred to the Booth Museum in 1971 when it was incorporated into the “Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton and Hove”.

The collections consist of neatly arranged shells in glass-topped boxes, resting on cotton wool (Plate 8A–E). Most lots contain multiple examples of each species ranging in number from three to thirty-three. They are labelled on the reverse in pencil giving identity and locality, these are not in Lowes handwriting and we do not have examples from Worthington-Wilmer.

The reverse carries an original Brighton Museum registration number in the form R 1138/1-130 for the first donation and R1145/1-82 for the second donation where the first number is the accession number and the second the lot number. In the last few years a second registration has been added, with an individual number for each shell, these in the form of a running number, e.g. 406458–406462. Note that in the Booth Museum's digital database these numbers are prefixed with BV and this should be used if enquiring about any of the material listed here. The reference directly to Lowe suggested that these shells may have type status and were at least of historic significance. This paper describes this collection, discusses their significance and determines the type status of those lots containing species described by Lowe. A subsequent paper (in prep.) will bring together a compendium of all known, accepted and potential, type lots held in museums in Europe and North America. That paper will discuss the provenances of the collections and propose a hierarchy of significance.

The Donor - Lt. Col. Lewis Worthington-Wilmer (1838–1923)

Lewis Worthington-Wilmer (often abbreviated to L.W. Wilmer) was part of a military family and joined the army at the age of 17 and then served with distinction during the Indian Mutiny of 1857/58. There are no indications of an early interest in natural history but in India he dredged many marine gastropods from the Andaman Islands. He donated this collection to the British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH) now Natural History Museum United Kingdom (NHMUK) in 1878 and seventy-five were subsequently described by E. A. Smith (1879) including the patronym Pleurotoma wilmeri E. A. Smith, 1879. Once retired we see him developing a range of activities not only in natural history but in archaeology and numismatics. Evidence of these activities are present in his donations to the Brighton museum and those relevant to conchology are listed below. His association with the Brighton Museum can be traced to 1886 when a note in the Minutes of the Pavilion Museum, Brighton suggests sending shells to Col. Worthington-Wilmer for identification “Vol. 15, p. 171, 6 September 1886: Resolved that the shells be sent to Colonel Wilmer of 12 Gunderstone Road, West Kensington to name”. In 1910 he begins a series of donations of shells:

1910 – 28 lots of land snails from Bermuda ex A. J. Peile ⁵
1910 – 12 lots of assorted shells
1911/1138 – 130 lots of Madeiran land snails selected from the R. T. Lowe collection
1911/1145 – 82 lots of shells from the Canary Islands
1912/1270 – 43 lots of shells and fossils from Jamaica and Lower Greensand, Isle of Wight
1913/1296 – 43 lots of tropical shells, many from Andamans
1913/1329 – 102 lots of tropical shells
1913/1377 – 8 lots from Isle of Wight and Jamaica

Conchology was perhaps his main interest and he was a founder member of the Malacological Society of London in 1893 and a council member from 1897/9. He regularly attended meetings and participated in discussions on nomenclature (Burne, 1904) and making short communications (Wilmer, 1917). Although a regular attendee and accomplished field naturalist he did not develop a research interest but exhibited at meetings of the Malacological Society. ⁶

He however is recognised in a number of patronyms Clavus wilmeri (E. A. Smith, 1879): Cancellaria wilmeri G. B. Sowerby III, 1881: Conus wilmeri G. B. Sowerby III, 1882; Gyrineum wilmerianum Preston, 1908: Drillia worthingtoni E. A. Smith, 1904.

In his obituary Bullen Newton (1923) indicates that Worthington-Wilmer's collection amounted to 40,000 shells but this far exceeds his donations to Brighton. It is not known what became of this collection.

We have no evidence that Worthington-Wilmer acquired the Madeiran shells directly from Lowe although the implication in the Brighton register is that the shells came from Lowe's own collection. However, this could also have come about if Worthington-Wilmer had access to the collection once it had been acquired by Wollaston either directly through T. V. Wollaston or his wife Edith who has possession of the entire Lowe/Wollaston material after her husband's death in 1878 until she sold it to Hugh Berthon Preston ⁷ in 1907. It is possible that Worthington-Wilmer could have met both Lowe and Wollaston, for he was aged 36 when Lowe died and 40 when Wollaston died.

Worthington-Wilmer is not only connected with Madeiran shells through the Booth collection for in 1968 a collection of Madeiran land snails considered to consist of potential syntypes was donated to the NHMUK by a John Cooper (Accession Number 2122). This collection was said to have been put together by Worthington-Wilmer and had been part of the Castle Turner and Farrenden collections. Information on none of the three names mentioned here could be found. This collection consisted mostly of lots with one example only and represented only 33 species compared with the 103 species in the Booth collection, never-the-less the collection was subsequently registered as a set of syntypes.

A third connection came to light in the National Museums Scotland where a number of lots in the A.E. Salisbury ⁸ collection are annotated “Lowe Coll. ex Col. Wilmer”. This suggests that Worthington-Wilmer either had continuing access to the Lowe material or that he had acquired sufficient to make duplicate collections.

The Collector : Richard Thomas Lowe (1802–1874)

The following brief account of R. T. Lowe is derived primarily from the studies of Lowe as a botanist by Sandra Mesquita and her colleagues (Mesquita et al., 2020 ; 2021 ; 2022) and the entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Foote, 2004). Lowe was a graduate of Christ's College Cambridge and took holy orders in 1825. At Cambridge he became interested in natural history and joined a group of students who participated in botanizing tours under the supervision of J. S. Henslow, renowned as Darwin's mentor (Walters & Stow, 2001). Other students accompanying Lowe were Miles Joseph Berkeley (1803-1889) (Taylor, 1970) the eminent lichenologist, whom Lowe later named a species for. It was here that Lowe became acquainted with Thomas Vernon Wollaston (1822-1878) (see below) with whom he maintained a deep friendship throughout his life. Henslow was a founder of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in whose journal Lowe would publish his first major paper (Lowe, 1831). Lowe first went to Madeira in 1826 and embarked on making comprehensive collections of plants (Mesquita et al., 2021), shells (e.g. Lowe, 1831) and eventually fishes (Lowe, 1843). In the early years on Madeira he was in frequent correspondence ⁸ with Philip Barker Webb (1793–1854) who was also a Christ's College graduate and was living on Tenerife from 1829-1830. Webb like Lowe was a collector of both plants and shells and published a nine-volume work on the natural history of the Canary Isles but specifically on shells in Webb & Berthelot (1833). Most of the correspondence with Webb ⁹ concerns Botany (Mequita et al., 2021) but a few pages are dedicated to molluscs (Fig. 6).

Lowe lived on the island as a clergyman causing considerable disquiet through his adherence to Tractarianism (Nash, 1990) and was finally forced to give up his position in 1847. He returned to live in England but continued to make excursions to Madeira until his untimely death in 1874 as a result of being lost at sea following a shipwreck.

Lowe wrote eleven papers on the land Mollusca of Madeira, Mogador and the Canary Islands with the majority of his new taxa in just three major papers (Lowe, 1831 ; 1852 ; 1855). Altogether he described 222 nominal species with additional varieties identified by Greek letters only. Lowe did not recognise the concept of type specimens and did not designate type material for any of his papers. Surprisingly, Lowe only deposited three lots of land snail to the then British Museum of Natural History including the very rare Helix delphinuloides Lowe, 1860 This donation was made in 1860 and others from then through to 1873 concerned marine Mollusca and assorted invertebrates amounting to no more than 20 lots. Lowes failure to deposit significant collections of land snail may have been due to his untimely death. However, in 1850 Wollaston donated a collection of Madeiran land snails to the BM (NH), most of which had been described by Lowe and were probably collected by Lowe. As a consequence of Lowe's reluctance or his untimely death the vast majority of Lowe's collection was donated after his death, primarily via Wollaston who had inherited Lowe's materials. In a sequel to this paper (Oliver et al., in prep.) the entirety of the deposition of Lowes collection and the extent of potential type material will be explored.

A Possible Second Source : Thomas Vernon Wollaston (1822-1878)

Thomas Vernon Wollaston befriended Lowe while at Christ's College Cambridge and was also part of the circle of naturalists around J. S. Henslow. Wollaston's main interest was in entomology, primarily Coleoptera (beetles) but after visiting Madeira in 1847 he with Lowe studied Mollusca. After staying on Madeira during the winter of 1847-48 he made four more visits, the last in 1855. In 1858 and 1859 he and Lowe visited the Canary Islands. In 1866 they expanded their horizons and visited the Cape Verde Islands and then in 1875 Wollaston along with John Gray visited St. Helena. Wollaston was greatly interested in biogeography and brought together his work with Lowe in his “Testacea Atlantica” (Wollaston, 1878). In the preface he makes it clear that he had possession of Lowe's collection :

“Nevertheless I should hardly have been inclined to undertake so serious a task as the critical examination of the characters and habitats of so many species, had not the bequeathment to me by Mr. Lowe of his extensive conchological collections (to be distributed to various Museums, though with power to reserve for my own use whatever types I might require) thrown on to my hands a mass of material so unexpected”.

Although the statement above suggests that Lowe's collection was destined for various museums Wollaston made only two donations both in 1875 the year after Lowe's death; one to the British Museum (Natural History) comprising 120 species and one to the Zoological Museum of Cambridge University comprising 88 species. Neither of these donations were in any way comprehensive of the 222 nominal taxa described by Lowe. Wollaston's synthesis contains fifty-two new species but half of these are at the subspecies or varietal level and most are from islands other than Madeira.

Wollaston died in the same year that his Testacea Atlantica was published and the Lowe/Wollaston collection reverted to Wollaston's widow Edith (née Shepherd).

Discussion

This collection has both historic biodiversity and nomenclatural significance. Firstly the land snail faunas of the Macaronesian Islands are highly diverse with a patchwork of endemic species often occupying limited geographical areas (Cook, 2008). With increasing anthropogenic changes many species are vulnerable, threatened, critically endangered and some possibly extinct (Neubert et al., 2019a, b). Following the IUCN Red List categories in Neubert et al. (2019a, b), within the Booth collection there are fourteen listed as Vulnerable; seven as Endangered; ten as Critically Endangered and seven as Critically Endangered/Possibly Extinct. The latter seven are Leiostyla cassida, Craspedaria delphinuloides, Discula lyelliana, D. tetrica, Monileria pulverulenta, Canaridiscus putrescens and Atlantica guerinianus (Plate 8 A-G).

Lowe did not designate type specimens in any of his publications, nor did he personally lodge all but three of his species in any museum. Wollaston did deposit Lowe material in London and Cambridge but did not give them any type status. Once the collection passed to Wollaston's widow Edith she sold some of it to other museums and eventually all of it to H. B. Preston in 1907. However, she must have retained some material because after her death her sister donated a collection to Exeter in 1911 which, in part, was assumed to contain shells figured in Lowe's 1831 paper (currently under review). As there were no designated types Preston assumed that any material coming from the Lowe collection could be considered of type status and sold many duplicates as "co-types". This material has now been given syntypes status in museums such as in Cardiff, Manchester and Liverpool, (see https://gbmolluscatypes.ac.uk/specimens?-action=search&Keywords=Lowe). The 1968 donation to London which is linked to Worthington-Wilmer has also been given syntype status and indeed examples from this collection have been chosen as lectotypes. Given the many collections that are now considered to be of type status we propose that the specimens of species described by Lowe in the Booth Museum can also be given syntype status.

A fuller discussion of the type status of specimens in a dispersed collection will be given in a subsequent paper where the full extent of the possible 7,000 type specimens from the Lowe collection will be itemised and discussed. A catalogue of the type material of species described by R. T. Lowe in the Booth Museum is presented below. The format of the catalogue is as follows: Paragraph 1, original name given by Lowe; publication and page number in [ ]; type locality. Paragraph 2, type status. Paragraph 3, Identification and locality given on the reverse of each box. Paragraph 4, number of specimens followed by the Booth Museum registration numbers. Paragraph 5, the current name. The current name mostly follows that in MolluscaBase but there is a considerable amount of flux and uncertainty that the current name may be modified here by Klaus Groh. The current European conservation status, as given in Neubert et al. (2019a, b), is indicated after the accepted name, as follows: Least Concern (LC), Data Deficient (DD), Near Threatened (NT), Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN), Critically Endangered (CR) or Critically Endangered/Possibly Extinct (CR/PE).

Subfossil and fossil species are suffixed with †.

Catalogue of the Type Material of Species described by R. T. Lowe in the Booth Museum, Brighton

FAMILY COCHLICOPIDAE

Cochlicopa A. Férussac, 1821

1. pl. 1
Bulimus (Zua) maderensis R. T. Lowe 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 119] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Achatina maderensis, Madeira
16 shells: Booth Museum 406529-406545
Cochlicopa lubrica (O. F. Müller, 1774)
LC Klaus Groh considers that this is more probably close to Cochlicopa lubricella (Porro, 1838) and that the taxonomy is under review.

FAMILY TRUNCATELLINIDAE

Truncatellina R. T. Lowe, 1852

2. pl. 1
Pupa (Truncatellina) linearis R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 275] “semifossilis in Madera” [= semifossil in Madeira]
Topotypes. Lectotype selected by Hutterer & Groh (1993) in NHMUK
Pupa linearis Lowe, Madeira, subfossil extinct
14 shells: Booth Museum, 407828–407841
Truncatellina linearis (R. T. Lowe, 1852) DD

Columella Westerlund, 1878

3. pl. 1
Pupa (Paludinella) microspora R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 275] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Pupa microspora Lowe, Madeira
19 shells: Booth Museum, 407867–407885
Columella microspora (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

FAMILY LAURIIDAE

Lauria Gray, 1840

4. pl. 1
Helix (Cochlodonta) anconostoma R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 62]. “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Pupa anconostoma Lowe, Madeira
33 shells: Booth Museum, 407713–407746
Lauria (Lauria) cylindracea (Da Costa, 1778)

Leiostyla Lowe, 1852

5. pl. 1
Pupa (Leiostyla) irrigua R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 276] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Pupa irrigua, Madeira
15 shells: Booth Museum, 407802–407816
Leiostyla (L.) irrigua (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

6. pl. 1
Pupa (Leiostyla) laurinea R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 276] “in Madeira, arborea in truncis Laurorum” [= Madeira, in laurel forest on the trunks of laurel trees]
Syntypes.
Pupa laurinea, Madeira
11 shells: Booth Museum, 407817–407827
Leiostyla (L.) laurinea (R. T. Lowe, 1852) VU

7. pl. 1
Pupa (Leiostyla) macilenta R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 276] “in Deserta Majore” [= Deserta Grande]
Syntypes.
Pupa macilenta, Great Deserta
16 shells: Booth Museum, 407858–407867
Leiostyla (L.) macilenta (R. T. Lowe, 1852) VU

8. pl. 1
Pupa (Leiostyla) recta R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 276] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Pupa macilenta, Madeira
13 shells: Booth Museum, 407909–407921
Leiostyla (L.) recta (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

9. pl. 1
Pupa (Leiostyla) sphinctostoma var. α rupestris R. T. Lowe, 1855 Lowe, R. T. (1855). [p. 209] “sub foliis Sempervivi tabulaeformis, Haw. In rupibus maritimis atque convallium Maderae” [= under the leaves of Sempervivum tabulaeformis Haw. in the coastal cliffs and valleys of Madeira]
Syntypes.
Pupa sphinctostoma var. rupestris, Madeira
12 shells: Booth Museum, 407922–407933
Leiostyla (L.) sphinctostoma (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

10. pl. 1
Pupa (Leiostyla) vincta R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 276] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Pupa vincta, Madeira
23 shells: Booth Museum, 407934–407956
Leiostyla (L.) vincta (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

Leiostyla (Craticula) Lowe, 1852

11. pl. 1
Helix (Cochlodonta) calathiscus R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 64, pl. 6 fig. 34]. “in summo cacumine montis “Pico de Facho”, Portus S^ti.” [ = at the top of the mountain Pico de Facho, Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Pupa calathiscus Lowe, Porto Santo
18 shells: Booth Museum, 407747–407764
Leiostyla (Craticula) calathiscus (R. T. Lowe, 1831) NT

12. pl. 1
Pupa (Craticula) fusca R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 277] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Pupa fusca Lowe, Madeira
26 shells: Booth Museum, 407775–407801
Leiostyla (Craticula) fusca (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

13. pl. 1
Pupa (Cochlodonta) monticola R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831). [p. 63, pl. 6 fig. 33] “in summon cacumine Montis “Pico de Facho” Insulae Portù S^ti. ” [= at the top of the mountain Pico de Facho, Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Pupa monticola Lowe, Porto Santo
23 shells: Booth Museum, 407886–407908
Leiostyla (Craticula) monticola (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

Leiostyla (Scarabella) Lowe, 1855

14. pl. 1
Helix (Cochlodonta) cassida R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 64, pl. 5 fig. 35]. “in Maderae convallibus, in rupibus aridid umbrosis” [= in arid shaded cliffs in the valleys of Madeira]
Syntypes.
Pupa cassida Lowe, Madeira
10 shells: Booth Museum, 407765–407774
Leiostyla (Scarabella) cassida (R. T. Lowe, 1831) CR/PE

FAMILY DISCIDAE

Canaridiscus Alonso & Ibáñez, 2011

15. pl. 8
Helix (Lucilla) putrescens R. T. Lowe, 1861 Lowe, R. T. (1861) [p. 104]. “sub truncis putrescentibus humidus in sylvis convallis Galgae Insula Palmae rariss” [= under rotting trunks, damp forests of the valley of Galga, the island La Palma, rare]
Syntypes.
Helix putrescens Lowe, Palma
2 shells: Booth Museum, 406383–406384
Canaridiscus putrescens (R. T. Lowe, 1861) CR/PE

FAMILY PUNCTIDAE

Paralaoma Iredale, 1913

16. pl. 1
Helix (Helicella) pusilla R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 46, pl. 5 fig. 17]. “in Maderae sylvis” [= in woods of Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix pusilla Lowe, Madeira
20 shells: Booth Museum, 407479–407498
Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852) DD

Family FERUSSACIIDAE

Amphorella R. T. Lowe, 1852

17. pl. 2
Helix (Cochlicopa) gracilis var. vitrea R. T. Lowe, 1855 Lowe, R. T. 1855 [200] Type Localities: “in Monte Pico Branco, et in jugo inter Pico de Facho et P. de Castello Portȗs S^ti.” [= Porto Santo, on the Pico Facho and the crest between Pico do Facho and Pico de Castelho]
Syntypes.
Achatina gracilis var. vitrea, Porto Santo
12 shells: Booth Museum 406517-406528
Amphorella gracilis (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

18. pl. 2
Helix (Cochlicopa) melampoides R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831). [p. 60, pl. 6 fig. 24] “in Insulâ quâdam, Portum Sanctum ab oriente spectante, ‘Ilheo de Cima’ dictâ”[= Ilhéu de Cima, off Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Achatina melampoides Lowe, Ilhéu de Cima, off Porto Santo 11 shells: Booth Museum 406545-406555
Amphorella (A.) melampoides (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

19. pl. 2
Achatina (Amphorella) mitriformis R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 120] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Achatina mitriformis Lowe, Madeira
13 shells: Booth Museum 406556-406568
Amphorella (A.) mitriformis (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

20. pl. 2
Achatina (Fusillus) oryza R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 120] “ in Portu S^to” [= Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Achatina oryza Lowe, Porto Santo
22 shells: Booth Museum 406569-406590
Amphorella (Fusillus) oryza (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

21. pl. 2
Helix (Cochlicopa) tornatellina R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 59-60, pl. 6 fig. 23]. “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Achatina tornatellina Lowe, Madeira
18 shells: Booth Museum 406622-406639
Amphorella (A.) tornatellina (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

22. pl. 2
Helix (Cochlicopa) triticea R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 60-61]. “in Portu S^to.” [= Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Achatina triticea Lowe, Porto Santo
28 shells: Booth Museum 406640-406667
Amphorella (Fusillus) triticea (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

23. pl. 2
Achatina (Fusillus) tuberculata R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 120] “ in Portu S^to” [= Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Achatina tuberculata Lowe, Porto Santo
18 shells: Booth Museum 406668-406687
Amphorella (Fusillus) tuberculata (R. T. Lowe, 1852) EN

Cylichnidia R. T. Lowe, 1852

24. pl. 2
Helix (Cochlicopa) ovuliformis R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 6, pl. 6 fig. 27]. “in cacumine montis ‘Pico de Facho’ in Insula Portȗs S^ti” [= Pico do Facho, Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Achatina ovuliformis Lowe, Porto Santo
31 shells: Booth Museum 406591-406621
Cylichnidia ovuliformis (R. T. Lowe, 1831) VU

FAMILY VITRINIIDAE

Madeirovitrina Groh & Hemmen, 1986

25. pl. 2
Vitrina media R. T. Lowe, 1855 Lowe, R. T. (1855) [p. 164] “in Madera (Rib. Frio) rarior, et in Portu S^to.” [= Madeira (Ribeiro Frio) rare, and on Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Vitrina media Lowe, Porto Santo
11 shells: Booth Museum, 407969–407979
Madeirovitrina media (R. T. Lowe, 1855) LC

FAMILY GASTRODONTIDAE

Atlantica Ancey, 1887

26. pl. 2
Helix (Euromphala) gueriniana R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 115] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix semiplicata Pf. guerineana Lowe, Madeira
9 shells: Booth Museum, 407550–407558
Atlantica guerinianus (R. T. Lowe, 1852) CR/PE

Janulus Lowe, 1852

27 pl. 2
Helix (Helicella) bifrons R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 46-47, pl.5 fig 18]. “in Maderae sylvis” [= in woods of Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix bifrons Lowe, Madeira
11 shells: Booth Museum, 406856–406866
Janulus bifrons (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

28. pl. 2
Helix (Janulus) calathus R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 115] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix calathus Lowe, Madeira
13 shells: Booth Museum, 406883–406895
Janulus stephanophorus (Deshayes, 1850) VU

FAMILY GEOMITRIDAE

Actinella R. T. Lowe, 1852

29. pl. 3
Helix (Helicigona) actinophora R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 45, pl. 5 fig. 14]. “in Maderae sylvaticus” [woods of Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix actinophora Lowe, Madeira
8 shells: Booth Museum 406743-406750
Actinella (A.) actinophora (R. T. Lowe, 1831) VU

30. pl. 3
Helix (Helicodonta) arcta R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 42, pl. 5 fig. 7]. “in Maderae collibus aridis maritimus” [= Madeira, on dry maritime hills]
Syntypes.
Helix arcta Lowe, Madeira
24 shells: Booth Museum 406756–406779
Actinella (A.) arcta (R. T. Lowe,1831) LC

31. pl. 3
Helix (Helicodonta) arridens R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 43, pl. 5 fig. 9]. “in Madera” [Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix arridens Lowe, Madeira
13 shells: Booth Museum 406799–406811
Actinella (A.) arridens (R. T. Lowe, 1831) CR

32. pl. 3
Helix (Helicodonta) capsella R. T. Lowe, 1855 Lowe, R. T. (1855) [181-182]. “in Maderae” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix capsella Lowe, Madeira
8 shells: Booth Museum, 406912–406919
Actinella (A.) arridens (R. T. Lowe, 1831) CR

33. pl. 3
Helix (Helicodonta) fausta R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 43, pl. 5 fig. 8]. “in sylvis Convallis “Boa Ventura” (i.e. Boni Sussessus) dictae in Maderae orá Septentrionali” [= in forests of the valley of Boa Ventura (meaning Good Success) at the north coast of Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix fausta Lowe, Madeira
5 shells: Booth Museum, 407120–407124
Actinella (A.) fausta (R. T Lowe ,1831) LC

34. pl. 3
Helix (Irus) laciniosa R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 114]. “in Insula Deserta Minore s. Septentrionali. ” [=Ilhéu de Chāo]
Syntypes.
Helix laciniosa Lowe, Madeira
17 shells: Booth Museum, 407173–407189
Actinella (A.) laciniosa (R. T. Lowe, 1852) VU

35. pl. 3
Helix (Rimula) obserata R. T. Lowe, 1852 R. T. (1852) [p. 118-119]. “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix obserata Lowe, Madeira
7 shells: Booth Museum, 407290–407296
Actinella (A.) obserata (R. T. Lowe, 1852) CR

36. pl. 3
Helix (Actinella) stellaris R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 118]. “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix stellaris Lowe, Madeira
18 shells: Booth Museum, 407595–407612
Actinella (A.) lentiginosa stellaris (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC Actinella (Hispidella) R. T. Lowe, 1852

37. pl. 3
Helix (Hispidella) armitageana R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 115]. “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix armitageana Lowe, Madeira
7 shells: Booth Museum 406792–406798
Actinella (Hispidella) armitageana (R. T. Lowe, 1852) VU

Callina R. T. Lowe, 1855

38. pl. 3
Helix (Helicogena) bulveriana R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 44, pl. 5 fig. 11]. “in montibus Insulae Portȗs S^ti” [= in mountains of Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix bulveriana Lowe, Porto Santo
7 shells: Booth Museum, 406873–406879
Callina bulverii (W. Wood, 1828) CR

39. pl. 3
Helix (Helicogena) bulveriana R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 44, pl. 5 fig. 11]. “in montibus Insulae Portȗs S^ti” [= in mountains of Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix bulveriana Lowe albino variety, Porto Santo
3 shells: Booth Museum, 406880–406882
Callina bulverii (W. Wood, 1828) CR

40. pl. 3
Helix (Tectula) albersi R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 117]. “in Portu S^to.” [= Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix albersii Lowe, Porto Santo
5 shells: Booth Museum 406751-406755
Callina bulverii (W. Wood, 1828) CR

41. pl. 3
Helix (Helicella) rotula R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 53, pl. 6 fig. 10]. “in montibus Insulae Portȗs S^ti” [= in mountains of Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix rotula Lowe, Porto Santo
13 shells: Booth Museum, 407499–407511
Callina rotula (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

Caseolus R. T. Lowe, 1852

42. pl. 3
Helix (Helicella) abjecta R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 50, pl. 6 fig 1]. “in Insulâ Portȗs Sti.” [= Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix abjecta Lowe, Porto Santo
21 shells: Booth Museum 406714-406734
Caseolus (C.) abjectus abjectus (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

43. pl. 3
Helix (Caseolus) calculus R. T. Lowe, 1855 Lowe, R. T. (1855) [p. 185]. “in Portu S^to rariss.” [rare on Porto Santo] Syntypes.
Helix calculus Lowe, –––
7 shells: Booth Museum, 406896–406902
Caseolus (C.) calculus (R. T. Lowe, 1855) VU

44. pl. 4
Helix (Helicella) calva R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 49-50, pl. 5 fig 26]. “in Madera sylvis” [= in woods of Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix calva Lowe, Madeira
9 shells: Booth Museum, 406903–406911
Caseolus (Caseolus) calvus calvus (R. T. Lowe, 1831) EN

45. pl. 4
Helix calva var. galeata R. T. Lowe, 1862 Lowe, R. T. (1862) [p. 93-94]. “along the new Levada de Fajāo dos Vinhatios, in the Ribeiro do Fayal, towards the place where I discovered, two years ago, H. delphinuloides.”
Syntypes.
Helix galatea Paiva, Madeira
4 shells: Booth Museum, 407162–407165
Caseolus (C.) galeatus (R. T Lowe, 1862) CR

46. pl. 4
Helix (Helicella) compacta R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 50-51, pl. 6 fig. 2]. “In Insula Portȗs S^ti. gregaria, ubique copiosissima: in Maderae ad Promontorium S^ti. Laurenti (“Ponta Saô Lourenço”) solùm” [= on Porto Santo gregarious, very abundant everywhere: in Madera at the promontory of St. Lorenz (“Ponta Saô Lourenço”) only]
Syntypes.
Helix compacta Lowe, Madeira
11 shells: Booth Museum, 406972–406982
Caseolus (C.) innominatus compactus (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

47. pl. 4
Helix (Helicella) compacta R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 50-51, pl. 6 fig. 2]. “In Insula Portȗs S^ti. gregaria, ubique copiosissima: in Maderae ad Promontorium S^ti. Laurenti (“Ponta Saô Lourenço”) solùm” [= on Porto Santo gregarious, very abundant everywhere: in Madera at the promontory of St. Lorenz (“Ponta Saô Lourenço”) only]
Syntypes.
Helix compacta Lowe, Porto Santo
18 shells: Booth Museum, 406983–407000
Caseolus (C.) innominatus compactus (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

48. pl. 4
Helix (Helicella) consors R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 51, pl. 6 fig. 3. “in Insula Portȗs S^ti. cum praecedente [H. compacta]; rarior” [= Porto Santo, with the preceding [H. compacta], but rarer]
Syntypes.
Helix consors Lowe, Porto Santo
8 shells: Booth Museum, 407010–407017
Caseolus (C.) consors (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

49. pl. 4
Helix (Caseolus) sphaerula R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 115-116] “semifoss. in Madera” [= semifossil Madeira]
Uncertain: Klaus Groh wrote– Neither the type locality nor the apparent freshness of the shell leave me to doubt the correct determination. To me it looks like Caseolus betamajor Waldén, 1983 also a fossil of Madeira, as it’s shown by Seddon (2008) on plate 23 from Porto Santo as well. The Caseolus of Porto Santo urgently need a revision. Helix sphaerula Lowe, Porto Santo
10 shells: Booth Museum, 407559–407568
? Caseolus (C.) sphaerulus (R. T. Lowe, 1852) †

Leptostictea Mandahl-Barth, 1950

50. pl. 4
Helix (Helicella) dealbata R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 48]. “in montibus Portus S^to.” [= mountains of Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix dealbata Lowe, Porto Santo
7 shells: Booth Museum, 407049–407055
Caseolus (Leptostictea) hartungi hartungi (Albers, 1852) LC

51. pl. 4
Helix (Placentula) fictilis R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 118] “in Portu S^to” [= Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix fictilis Lowe, Porto Santo
24 shells: Booth Museum, 407125–407148
Caseolus (Leptostictea) hartungi fictilis (R. T Lowe, 1852) LC

52. pl. 4
Helix (Helicella) leptosticta R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 49, pl. 5 fig 25]. “in Maderae collibus maritimus” [= on maritime hills of Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix leptosticta Lowe, Madeira
11 shells: Booth Museum, 407210–407220
Caseolus (Leptostictea) leptostictus leptostictus (R. T. Lowe, 1831) VU

53. pl. 4
Helix (Placentula) micromphala R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 118] “in Insulis Desertis Majore et Minore” [= Deserta Grande and Bugio]
Syntypes.
Helix micromphala Lowe, Southern Deserta [Bugio]
12 shells: Booth Museum, 407278–407289
Caseolus (Leptostictea) leptostictus micromphalus (R. T. Lowe, 1852) VU

Craspedaria R. T. Lowe, 1852

54. pl. 4
Helix delphinula R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 64] “Ad locum Caniçal dictum … sed statu semifossili” [Madeira, said from the place Caniçal … but in semifossil state]
Syntypes.
Helix delphinula Lowe, Madeira, subfossil, extinct
3 shells: Booth Museum, 407054–407058
Craspedaria delphinula (R. T. Lowe, 1831) †

55. pl. 4
Helix (Coronaria) delphinuloides R. T. Lowe, 1860 Lowe, R. T. (1860) [p. 42-43, pl. 3 figs 1-3] “living at an elevation of about 4000 feet … along the new Levada called the Levada de Fajãa dos Vinhaticos, about three miles below its source in the bed or stream of the Ribêiro do Fayal”

Syntypes.
Helix delphinuloides Lowe, Madeira, subfossil, extinct
5 shells: Booth Museum, 407059–407063
Craspedaria delphinuloides (R. T. Lowe, 1860) CR/PE

56. pl. 4
Helix (Coronaria) coronula R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 117-118] “in Deserta Australi” [= Bugio] Syntypes.
Helix coronula Lowe, Southern Deserta [Bugio], subfossil
15 shells: Booth Museum, 407028–407042
Craspedaria coronula (R. T. Lowe, 1852) CR

Discula R. T. Lowe, 1852

57. pl. 4
Helix (Discula) discina R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 117] “in Portu S^to vulg. ” [= Porto Santo, common]
Syntypes.
Helix discina Lowe, Porto Santo
8 shells: Booth Museum, 407071–407078
Discula (D.) calcigena discina (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

58. pl. 4
Helix (Helicella) polymorpha var. δ attrita R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 55, pl. 6 fig 14]. “ in collibus montibusve Portȗs S^ti.” [= on hills and mountains of Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix attrita Lowe, Porto Santo
12 shells: Booth Museum, 406812–406823
Discula (D.) attrita (R. T. Lowe, 1831) NT

59. pl. 5
Helix (Discula) papilio R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 116-117] “in Insula Baxo juxta Portȗm S^m” [= Ilhéu de Baixo, off Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix papilio Lowe, Ilheo de Baixo, off Porto Santo
5 shells: Booth Museum, 407316–407320
Discula (Discula) calcigena calcigena (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

60. pl. 5
Helix (Helicella) cheiranthicola R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 57, pl. 6 fig 17]. ”in arbusculis Cheranti tenuifolii Herit: in monte Portus S^ti. quodam “Pico branco” dicto: et in Insula “Ilheo de Baxo” dicto, sed rarissima” [= in shrubs of Cheranti tenuifolii Herit, somewhere on the mountain called “Pico Branco”: and on the island called Ilhéu de Baixo, but very rare].
Syntypes.
Helix cheiranthicola Lowe, Porto Santo
10 shells: Booth Museum, 406935–406944
Discula (D.) cheiranthicola cheiranthicola (R. T. Lowe, 1831) NT

61. pl. 5

Helix (Helicella) lincta R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 116] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix lincta Lowe, Madeira
8 shells: Booth Museum, 407221–407228
Discula (Discula) polymorpha depressiuscula (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

62. pl. 5
Helix (Tectula) lyelliana R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 117] “in Deserta Majore” [ = Deserta Grande]
Syntypes.
Helix lyelliana Lowe, Great Deserta [Deserta Grande]
6 shells: Booth Museum, 407236–407241
Discula (D.) lyelliana (R. T. Lowe, 1852) CR/PE

63. pl. 5
Helix (Helicella) polymorpha R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 54]. –––
H (H.) p. var. γ arenicola Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 54-55]. –––
? Syntypes.
Helix polymorpha Lowe, Madeira
9 shells: Booth Museum, 407418–407425
Accepted name, identified by Klaus Groh:
Discula polymorpha cf. arenicola (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

64. pl. 5
Helix (Helicella) polymorpha var. pulvinata R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 56, pl. 6 fig 16]. “in montibus collibusive Portȗs S^ti.” [= hilly mountains of Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix pulvinata Lowe, Porto Santo
10 shells: Booth Museum, 407456–407465
Discula (D.) pulvinata (R. T. Lowe, 1831) EN

65. pl. 5
Helix (Discula) senilis R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 116] “in Insulis Desertis Majore et Minore” [Deserta Grande and Bugio]
Syntypes.
Helix salebrosa Lowe, [a new replacement-name by Lowe, 1862] senilis olim [formerly]. Great Deserta [Deserta Grande]
7 shells: Booth Museum, 407512–407519
Discula polymorpha nebulata (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

66. pl. 5

Helix (Discula) senilis R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 116] “in Insulis Desertis Majore et Minore” [Deserta Grande and Bugio]

Syntypes.
Helix salebrosa Lowe, [a new replacement-name by Lowe, 1862] senilis olim [formerly]. Northern Deserta [Chão]
15 shells: Booth Museum, 407520–407534
Discula polymorpha nebulata (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

67. pl. 5
Helix (Discula) senilis R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 116] “in Insulis Desertis Majore et Minore” [Deserta Grande and Bugio]
Syntypes.
Helix salebrosa Lowe, [a new replacement-name by Lowe, 1862] senilis olim [formerly]. Bugio, Southern Deserta
7 shells: Booth Museum, 407535–407549
Discula polymorpha nebulata (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

68. pl. 5
Helix (Discula) tabellata R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 116] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix tabellata Lowe, Madeira
16 shells: Booth Museum, 407613–407628
Discula (D.) tabellata (R. T. Lowe, 1852) CR

69. pl. 5
Helix tetrica R. T. Lowe, 1862 Lowe, R. T. (1862) [p. 95-96] “on the S. Deserta, or Bugio, amongst lichens on the seacliffs”
Syntypes.
Helix tetrica Lowe, Southern Deserta [Bugio]
3 shells: Booth Museum, 407633–407635
Discula (D.) tetrica (R. T. Lowe, 1862) CR/PE

Disculella Pilsbry, 1895

70. pl. 5
Helix (Placentula) spirorbis R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 118] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix spirorbis Lowe, Madeira
20 shells: Booth Museum, 407569–407588
Disculella spirulina (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1921) VU

71. pl. 5
Helix (Helicella) compar R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 48-49, pl. 5 fig 23]. “in Maderae collibus maritimis; rariss.” [in the coastal hills of Madeira; very rare]
Syntypes.
Helix compar Lowe, Madeira
9 shells: Booth Museum, 407001–407009
Disculella compar (R. T. Lowe, 1831) NT

 Domunculifex Brozzo, De Mattia, Harl & Neiber, 2020

72. pl. 5
Helix (Helicella) lurida R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 52, pl. 6 fig 5]. “in montibus insulae Portȗs S^ti.” [in mountains of the island Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix lurida = nitidiuscula Sow., Porto Santo
7 shells: Booth Museum, 407229–407235
Domunculifex littorinella (J. Mabille, 1883) VU

Helicomela Lowe, 1855

73 pl. 5
Helix (Helicomela) punctulata var. avellana R. T. Lowe, 1855 Lowe, R. T. (1855) [p. 52, pl. 6 fig 5]. “quoque in Deserta Australi” [ (also) on Bugio]
Syntypes.
Helix punctulata, Southern Deserta Is. [Bugio]
7 shells: Booth Museum, 407472–407478
Helicomela punctulata avellana (R. T. Lowe, 1855) LC

Hystricella R. T. Lowe, 1855

74. pl. 6
Helix (Helicella) echinulata R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 57-58, pl. 6 fig 19]. in monte “Pico branco” dicto Insulae Portȗs S^ti.” [in the mountain called “Pico Branco” on the island of Porto Santo]
Topotypes. Lectotype NHMUK 1968586 designated by De Mattia (et al., 2018): 43-45, fig. 78).
Helix lurida = nitidiuscula Sow., Porto Santo
16 shells: Booth Museum, 407079–407094
Hystricella echinulata (R. T. Lowe, 1831) EN

Monilearia Mousson, 1872

75. pl. 8
Helix (Discula) pulverulenta R. T. Lowe, 1861 Lowe, R. T. (1861) [p. 107]. “sub lapidibus in saxosis aridis apricis regionis 'El Charco' dictae prope Maspalomas in Canaria Magna australi” [= under stones in dry barren sunny region of El Charco near Maspalomas, southern Grand Canary]
Syntypes.
Helix pulverulenta Lowe, Grand Canary
5 shells: Booth Museum, 406378–406383
Monilearia pulverulenta (R. T. Lowe, 1861) CR/PE

Obelus W. Hartmann, 1842

76. pl. 8
Helix (Turricula) mirandae R. T. Lowe, 1861 Lowe, R. T. (1861) [p. 107–108]. “sub lapidibus in apricis Insulae Gomerae ad Portum St Sebastiani, in collibus prope mare” [= under stones in the sun on Gomera at Porto San Sebastian in the hills by the sea]
Syntypes.
Helix mirandae Lowe, Gomera
4 shells: Booth Museum, 406277–406280
Obelus mirandae (R. T. Lowe, 1861) LC

 Plebecula R. T. Lowe, 1852

77. pl. 6
Helix (Plebecula) giramica R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 114] “in Madera Insulaque Deserta Minore” [= on Madeira and Bugio]
? Syntypes.
Helix vulgata var. giramica Lowe, Northern Deserta [Chão]
6 shells: Booth Museum, 407694–407699
Plebecula giramica (R. T. Lowe, 1852) VU

78. pl. 6
Helix (Plebecula) vulgata R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 114] “in Madera vulgatiss. In Insulis Desertis minus frequens. In Portu S^to omnino deest.” [= the most common in Madeira. Less frequent in the Deserta Islands. On Porto Santo completely missing]
? Syntypes.
Helix vulgata Lowe, Madeira
9 shells: Booth Museum, 407677–407687 [Klaus Groh wrote “P. nitidiuscula is restricted to Porto Santo so this should be a different species”]
? Plebecula nitidiuscula (G. B. Sowerby I, 1824) LC

79. pl. 6
Helix (Plebecula) vulgata R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 114] “in Madera vulgatiss. In Insulis Desertis minus frequens. In Portu S^to omnino deest.” [= the most common in Madeira. Less frequent in the Deserta Islands. On Porto Santo completely missing]
Syntypes.
Helix vulgata Lowe, Southern Deserta [Bugio]
6 shells: Booth Museum, 407688–407693
[Klaus Groh wrote "locality Bugio suggest it may be H. (P.) saxipotens Wollaston, 1878 but that is extinct]
? Plebecula nitidiuscula (G. B. Sowerby I., 1824) LC

Pseudocampylaea L. Pfeiffer, 1877

80. pl. 6
Helix porto-sanctanae Sowerby, 1824 Sowerby, I, G. B. (1824) [p. 57, pl.3 fig 5] Porto Santo
Topotypes.
Helix portosanctanae, Porto Santo
8 shells, 407427–407434
Pseudocampylaea portosanctana (G. B. Sowerby I, 1824) LC

Serratorotula Groh & Hemmen, 1986

81. pl. 6
Helix juliformis R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 118] “in Portu S^to. ” [= Porto Santo]
? Syntypes.
Helix coronata Desh., Porto Santo
10 shells: Booth Museum, 407018–407027
Serratorotula juliformis (R. T. Lowe, 1852) EN

Spirorbula R. T. Lowe, 1852

82. pl. 6
Helix (Helicella) depauperata R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 51-52, pl. 6 fig 4]. “in montibus insulae Portȗs S^ti.” [in mountains of the island Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix depauperata, Porto Santo
7 shells: Booth Museum, 407064–407070
Spirorbula depauperata (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

83. pl. 6 Helix (Spirorbula) latens R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 114-115] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix latens Lowe, Madeira
6 shells: Booth Museum, 407190–407195
Spirorbula latens (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

84. pl. 6
Helix (Helicella) obtecta R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 47-48, pl. 5 fig 20a-b]. “in montibus collibusque aridis Portȗs S^ti, copiosior in Insula 'Ilheo de Baixo'” [= rare on dry mountains and hills of Porto Santo, more common on the islet Ilhéu de Baixo].
Syntypes.
Helix obtecta. Porto Santo
7 shells: Booth Museum, 407278–407289
Spirorbula obtecta (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

85. pl. 6
Helix (Irus) squalida R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 114] “in Madera semifoss. vulg.; recens rariss.” [= Madeira, semifossil common, recent very rare]
Syntypes.
Helix squalida Lowe, Madeira
6 shells: Booth Museum, 407589–407594
Spirorbula squalida (R. T. Lowe, 1852) VU

Steenbergia Mandahl-Barth, 1950

86. pl. 6 Helix (Helicella) paupercula R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 47-48, pl. 5 fig 19]. “in Maderae et Portȗs S^ti. maritimis” [= Madeira and Porto Santo, coastal]
Syntypes.
Helix paupercula, Madeira and Porto Santo
25 shells: Booth Museum, 407353–407377
Steenbergia paupercula (R. T. Lowe, 1831) LC

 87. pl. 6
Helix (Helicella) paupercula R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 47-48, pl. 5 fig 19]. “in Maderae et Portȗs S^ti. maritimis” [= Madeira and Porto Santo, coastal]
? Syntypes.
Helix paupercula, Madeira and Porto Santo
32 shells: Booth Museum, 407321–407352
Steenbergia duplex Mandahl-Barth, 1950 DD

88. pl. 6
Helix (Helicella) paupercula R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 47-48, pl. 5 fig 19]. “in Maderae et Portȗs S^ti. maritimis” [= Madeira and Porto Santo, coastal]
Topotypes of S. desertae
Helix paupercula, Great Deserta [Deserta Grande]
9 shells: Booth Museum, 407378–407386
Steenbergia desertae Mandahl-Barth, 1950 DD

Testudodiscula Brozzo, De Mattia, Harl & Neiber, 2020

89. pl. 6
Helix (Discula) testudinalis R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 117] “in Portu S^to. ” [= Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix testudinalis Lowe, Porto Santo
4 shells: Booth Museum, 407629–407632
Testudodiscula testudinalis (R. T. Lowe, 1852) CR

Wollastonaria De Mattia, Neiber & Groh, 2018

90. pl. 6
Helix (Helicella) oxytropis R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 57, pl. 6 fig 18]. “in collibus maritimis Portȗs S^ti.” [= on maritime hills of Porto Santo]
Topotypes. Lectotype and paralectotype NHMUK 1968.546 designated by De Mattia et al. (2018): 92-94, figs 184+185.
Helix oxytropis, Porto Santo
12 shells: Booth Museum, 407304–407315
Wollastonaria oxytropis (R. T. Lowe, 1831) NT

91. pl. 7
Helix (Helicella) turricula R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 58, pl. 6 fig 21]. “in Insula quadam “Ilheo de Cima” dicta juxta Insula Portum S^tum.”. [= on an island called “Ilhéu de Cima” off Porto Santo]

Topotypes. Lectotype NHMUK 1948.7.8.35 by De Mattia et al. (2018): 56-62.
Helix turricula, Ilheo de Cima off Porto Santo
12 shells: Booth Museum, 407647–407658
Wollastonaria turricula (R. T. Lowe, 1831) VU 

92. pl. 7
Helix (Hystricella) vermetiformis R. T. Lowe, 1855 Lowe, R. T. (1855) [p. 186]. “fossilis in Portu S^to.” [= fossil on Porto Santo]
Topotypes. Lectotype NHMUK 1968588 designated by De Mattia et al. (2018): 63-66. Helix vermetiformis, Porto Santo, extinct subfossil 5 shells: Booth Museum, 407664–407668 Wollastonaria vermetiformis (R. T. Lowe, 1855)†

FAMILY HELICIDAE

Lampadia Albers, 1854

93. pl. 7
Helix (Helicogena) webbiana R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 44, pl. 5 fig 10]. “in montibus Insulae Portus S^tu. ” [= mountains of Porto Santo]

Syntypes.
Helix webbiana, Porto Santo
5 shells: Booth Museum, 407700–407704
Lampadia webbiana (R. T. Lowe, 1831) EN

Hemicycla Swainson, 1840

94. pl. 8
Helix (Iberus) berkeleii R. T. Lowe, 1861 Lowe, R. T. (1861) [p. 108] “sub lapidus in convallecula arida aprica inter 'Juan Grande' et 'Maspalomas' Canariae Magne australoris” [under stones in the dry valleys between Juan Grande and Maspalomas, south of Grand Canary]
Syntypes.
Helix Berkeleii Lowe, subfossil, Grand Canary.
5 shells: Booth Museum, 406132–406136
Hemicycla berkeleii (R. T. Lowe, 1861) DD

95. pl. 8
Helix (Mycena) psathyra R. T. Lowe, 1861 Lowe, R. T. (1861) [p. 109] “in Canaria Magna australiore, praesertim ad Mogan et Aldea de San Nicolas sub saxis in locis aridis apricis” [in southern Grand Canary between Mogan and Aldea de San Nicolas under rocks in dry places].
Syntypes.
Helix pasthyra Lowe, Grand Canary.
4 shells: Booth Museum, 406361–406364
Hemicycla psathyra (R. T. Lowe, 1861) DD

96. pl. 8
Helix (Macularia) saponacea R. T. Lowe, 1861 Lowe, R. T. (1861) [p. 109] “sub lapidus in sterilibus apricis Canariae Magnaeaustraloris; &c in excelsioribus (Pinetis) Sct Bartholomeaei, in submaritimis ad El Charco prope Maspalomas, Arguineguin etc. ”

[under stones in dry barren places and in higher pine woods, St Bartholomei, El Charco, Maspalomas, Arguineguin etc.]
Syntypes.
Helix saponacea Lowe, Grand Canary.
4 shells: Booth Museum, 406390–406393
Hemicycla saponacea (R. T. Lowe, 1861) NT

FAMILY HYGROMIIDAE

Leptaxis (Katostoma) R. T. Lowe, 1855

97. pl. 7
Helix (Helicogena) phlebophora R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 41-42, pl. 5 fig 6]. “in Insula Portȗs S^ti; ubique vulgatissima” [= Porto Santo; commonly]
Syntypes.
Helix phlebophora, Porto Santo
6 shells: Booth Museum, 407387–407391
Leptaxis (Katostoma) nivosa nivosa (G. B. Sowerby I, 1824) LC

98. pl. 7
Helix (Katostoma) phlebopora var. scrobiculata R. T. Lowe, 1855 Lowe, R. T. (1855) [p. 166] “vulg. in Ins. Ferro juxta Portum S^m, nec alibi”. [= common on Ilhéu de Ferro, off Porto Santo, not elsewhere]
Syntypes.
Helix phlebophora Lowe var. scrobiculata, Porto Santo
7 shells: Booth Museum, 407393–407399
Leptaxis (Katostoma) nivosa craticulata (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

99. pl. 7
Helix (Leptaxis) psammophora R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 113] “semifoss. in P^tu S^to.” [= semifossil, Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix psammophora Lowe, Porto Santo, subfossil, extinct
5 shells: Booth Museum, 407435–407439
Leptaxis (Katostoma) psammophora (R. T. Lowe, 1852) †

100. pl. 7
Helix (Iberus) wollastoni R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 119] “in Portu S^to. ” [= Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix wollastoni Lowe, Pico de Conselho, Porto Santo
7 shells: Booth Museum, 407705–407712
Leptaxis (Katostoma) wollastoni wollastoni (R. T. Lowe, 1852) EN

 Leptaxis (Leptaxis) R. T. Lowe, 1831

101. pl. 7
Helix (Helicogena) erubescens R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 40-41, pl. 5 fig 3]. “in Maderae sylvaticis” [= in woods of Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix (Leptaxis) erubescens Lowe, Madeira
9 shells: Booth Museum, 407095–407103
Leptaxis (L.) simia (A. Férussac, 1832) LC

102. pl. 7
Helix (Helicogena) erubescens R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 40-41, pl. 5 fig 3]. “in Maderae sylvaticis” [= in woods of Madeira]
? Syntypes but locality does not agree.
Helix (Leptaxis) erubescens Lowe, Great Deserta [Deserta Grande]
6 shells: Booth Museum, 407104–407109
Accepted name det. Klaus Groh:
Leptaxis (L.) simia simia (A. Férussac, 1832) LC

103. pl. 7
Helix (Helicogena) erubescens R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 40-41, pl. 5 fig 3]. “in Maderae sylvaticis” [= in woods of Madeira]
? Syntypes but locality does not agree.
Helix (Leptaxis) erubescens Lowe, Northern Deserta [Chão]
5 shells: Booth Museum, 407110–407114
Accepted name det. Klaus Groh:
Leptaxis (Leptaxis) simia advenoides (Paiva, 1867) LC

104. pl. 7
Helix (Leptaxis) fluctuosa R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 113] “semifoss. in Portu S^to.” [= semifossil on Porto Santo]
Syntypes.
Helix fluctuosa Porto Santo, subfossil, extinct
6 shells: Booth Museum, 407149–407154
Leptaxis (L.) fluctuosa (R. T Lowe, 1852) †

105. pl. 7
Helix (Helicogena) furva R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 40, pl. 5 fig 2]. “in Maderae sylvaticis” [= in woods of Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix furva Lowe, Madeira
7 shells: Booth Museum, 407155–407161
Leptaxis (L.) furva (R. T Lowe, 1831) VU

106. pl. 7
Helix (Leptaxis) hyaena R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 113] “in Insula Deserti Australi” [= Bugio] 

Syntypes.
Helix (Leptaxis) erubescens hyaena Lowe, Southern Deserta [Bugio]
5 shells: Booth Museum, 407115–407119
Leptaxis (Leptaxis) simia hyaena (R. T Lowe, 1852) LC

107. pl. 7
Helix (Leptaxis) membranacea R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 112-113] “in Madera” [= Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix (Leptaxis) membranacea, Madeira
12 shells: Booth Museum, 407254–407265
Leptaxis (L.) membranacea (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

Leptaxis (Cryptaxis) R. T. Lowe, 1855

108. pl. 7
Helix (Helicogena) undata R. T. Lowe, 1831 Lowe, R. T. (1831) [p. 41, pl. 5 fig 5]. “in Maderae sylvis, graminosis montanis, &c., vulgaris” [= in woods , on grassy mountains, etc. on Madeira]
Syntypes.
Helix undata Lowe, Madeira
6 shells: Booth Museum, 407659–407663
Leptaxis (Cryptaxis) groviana groviana (A. Férussac, 1832) LC

109. pl. 7
Helix (Leptaxis) leonina R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852). [p. 113]
Syntypes.
Helix leonina Lowe, Southern Deserta [= Bugio]
7 shells: Booth Museum, 406505–406511
Leptaxis (Cryptaxis) groviana leonina (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

110. pl. 7
Helix (Leptaxis) vulcania R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 113] “in Insulis Desertis Majore et Minore” [= Deserta Grande and Bugio]
Syntypes.
Helix vulcania, Great Deserta [Desert Grande]
5 shells: Booth Museum, 407669–407672
Leptaxis (Cryptaxis) groviana vulcania (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

111. pl. 7
Helix (Leptaxis) vulcania R. T. Lowe, 1852 Lowe, R. T. (1852) [p. 113] “in Insulis Desertis Majore et Minore” [= Deserta Grande and Bugio]
? Syntypes.
Helix vulcania, Northern Deserta [= Chão], locality error
5 shells: Booth Museum, 407669–407672
Leptaxis (Cryptaxis) groviana vulcania (R. T. Lowe, 1852) LC

Plate 1. COCHLICOPIDAE, TRUNCATELLINIDAE, LEIOSTYLIDAE & PUNCTIDAE FROM MADEIRA 1. Bulimus (Zua) maderensis R. T. Lowe 1852: 2. Pupa (Truncatellina) linearis R. T. Lowe, 1852: 3. Pupa (Paludinella) microspora R. T. Lowe, 1852: 4. Helix (Cochlodonta) anconostoma R. T. Lowe, 1831: 5. Pupa (Leiostyla) irrigua R. T. Lowe, 1852: 6. Pupa (Leiostyla) laurinea R. T. Lowe, 1852: 7. Pupa (Leiostyla) macilenta R. T. Lowe, 1852: 8. Pupa (Leiostyla) recta R. T. Lowe, 1852: 9. Pupa (Leiostyla) sphinctostoma var. α rupestris R. T. Lowe, 1855: 10. Pupa (Leiostyla) vincta R. T. Lowe, 1852: 11. Helix (Cochlodonta) calathiscus R. T. Lowe, 1831: 12. Pupa (Craticula) fusca R. T. Lowe, 1852: 13. Pupa (Cochlodonta) monticola R. T. Lowe, 1831: 14. Helix (Cochlodonta) cassida R. T. Lowe, 1831: 16. Helix (Helicella) pusilla R. T. Lowe, 1831

Plate 2. FÉRUSSACIIDAE, VITRINIIDAE & GASTRODONTIDAE FROM MADEIRA 17. Helix (Cochlicopa) gracilis var. vitrea R. T. Lowe, 1855: 18. Helix (Cochlicopa) melampoides R. T. Lowe, 1831: 19. Achatina (Amphorella) mitriformis R. T. Lowe, 1852: 20. Achatina (Fusillus) oryza R. T. Lowe, 1852: 21. Helix (Cochlicopa) tornatellina R. T. Lowe, 1831: 22. Helix (Cochlicopa) triticea R. T. Lowe, 1831: 23. Achatina (Fusillus) tuberculata R. T. Lowe, 1852: 24. Helix (Cochlicopa) ovuliformis R. T. Lowe, 1831: 25. Vitrina media R. T. Lowe, 1855: 26. Helix (Eyromphala) gueriniana R. T. Lowe, 1852: 27. Helix (Helicella) bifrons R. T. Lowe, 1831: 28. Helix (Janulus) calathus R. T. Lowe, 1852

Plate 3. GEOMITRIDAE FROM MADEIRA 29. Helix (Helicigona) actinophora R. T. Lowe, 1831: 30. Helix (Helicodonta) arcta R. T. Lowe, 1831: 31. Helix (Helicodonta) arridens R. T. Lowe, 1831: 32. Helix (Helicodonta) capsella R. T. Lowe, 1855: 33. Helix (Helicodonta) fausta R. T. Lowe1831: 34. Helix (Irus) laciniosa R. T. Lowe, 1852: 35. Helix (Rimula) obserata R. T. Lowe, 1852: 36. Helix (Actinella) stellaris R. T. Lowe, 1852: 37. Helix (Hispidella) armitageana R. T. Lowe, 1852: 38. Helix (Helicogena) bulveriana R. T. Lowe, 1831: 39. Helix (Helicogena) bulveriana R. T. Lowe, 1831: 40. Helix (Tectula) albersi R. T. Lowe, 1852: 41. Helix (Helicella) rotula R. T. Lowe, 1831: 42. Helix (Helicella) abjecta R. T. Lowe, 1831: 43. Helix (Caseolus) calculus R. T. Lowe, 1855

Plate 4. GEOMITRIDAE FROM MADEIRA 44. Helix (Helicella) calva R. T. Lowe, 1831: 45. Helix calva var. galeata R. T. Lowe, 1862: 46. Helix (Helicella) compacta R. T. Lowe, 1831: 47. Helix (Helicella) compacta R. T. Lowe, 1831: 48. Helix (Helicella) consors R. T. Lowe, 1831: 49. Helix (Caseolus) sphaerula R. T. Lowe, 1852: 50. Helix (Helicella) dealbata R. T. Lowe, 1831: 51. Helix (Placentula) fictilis R. T. Lowe, 1852: 52. Helix (Helicella) leptosticta R. T. Lowe, 1831: 53. Helix (Placentula) micromphala R. T. Lowe, 1852: 54. Helix delphinula R. T. Lowe, 1831: 55. Helix (Coronaria) delphinuloides R. T. Lowe, 1860: 56. Helix (Coronaria) coronula R. T. Lowe, 1852: 57. Helix (Discula) discina R. T. Lowe, 1852: 58. Helix (Helicella) polymorpha var. δ attrita R. T. Lowe, 1831

Plate 5. GEOMITRIDAE FROM MADEIRA 59. Helix (Discula) papilio R. T. Lowe, 1852: 60. Helix (Helicella) cheiranthicola R. T. Lowe, 1831: 61. Helix (Helicella) lincta R. T. Lowe, 1852: 62. Helix (Tectula) lyelliana R. T. Lowe, 1852: 63. Helix (Helicella) polymorpha R. T. Lowe, 1831: 64. Helix (Helicella) polymorpha var. pulvinata R. T. Lowe, 1831: 65. Helix (Discula) senilis R. T. Lowe, 1852: 66. Helix (Discula) senilis R. T. Lowe, 1852: 67. Helix (Discula) senilis R. T. Lowe, 1852: 68. Helix (Discula) tabellata R. T. Lowe, 1852: 69. Helix tetrica R. T. Lowe, 1862: 70. Helix (Placentula) spirorbis R. T. Lowe, 1852: 71. Helix (Helicella) compar R. T. Lowe, 1831: 72. Helix (Helicella) lurida R. T. Lowe, 1831: 73. Helix (Helicomela) punctulata var. avellana R. T. Lowe, 1855

Plate 6. GEOMITRIDAE FROM MADEIRA 74. Helix (Helicella) echinulata R. T. Lowe, 1831: 77. Helix (Plebecula) giramica R. T. Lowe, 1852: 78. Helix (Plebecula) vulgata R. T. Lowe, 1852: 79. Helix (Plebecula) vulgata R. T. Lowe, 1852: 80. Helix porto-sanctanae Sowerby, 1824: 81. Helix juliformis R. T. Lowe, 1852: 82. Helix (Helicella) depauperata R. T. Lowe, 1831: 83. Helix (Spirorbula) latens R. T. Lowe, 1852: 84. Helix (Helicella) obtecta R. T. Lowe, 1831: 85. Helix (Irus) squalida R. T. Lowe, 1852: 86. Helix (Helicella) paupercula R. T. Lowe, 1831: 87. Helix (Helicella) paupercula R. T. Lowe, 1831: 88. Helix (Helicella) paupercula R. T. Lowe, 1831: 89. Helix (Discula) testudinalis R. T. Lowe, 1852: 90. Helix (Helicella) oxytropis R. T. Lowe, 1831

Plate 7. GEOMITRIDAE & HELICIDAE FROM MADEIRA 91. Helix (Helicella) turricula R. T. Lowe, 1831: 92. Helix (Hystricella) vermetiformis R. T. Lowe, 1855: 93. Helix (Helicogena) webbiana R. T. Lowe, 1831: 97. Helix (Helicogena) phlebophora R. T. Lowe, 1831: 98. Helix (Katostoma) phlebopora var. scrobiculata R. T. Lowe, 1855: 99. Helix (Leptaxis) psammophora R. T. Lowe, 1852: 100. Helix (Iberus) wollastoni R. T. Lowe, 1852: 101. Helix (Helicogena) erubescens R. T. Lowe, 1831: 102. Helix (Helicogena) erubescens R. T. Lowe, 1831: 103. Helix (Helicogena) erubescens R. T. Lowe, 1831: 104. Helix (Leptaxis) fluctuosa R. T. Lowe, 1852: 105. Helix (Helicogena) furva R. T. Lowe, 1831: 106. Helix (Leptaxis) hyaena R. T. Lowe, 1852: 107. Helix (Leptaxis) membranacea R. T. Lowe, 1852: 108. Helix (Helicogena) undata R. T. Lowe, 1831: 109. Helix (Leptaxis) leonina R. T. Lowe, 1852: 110. Helix (Leptaxis) vulcania R. T. Lowe, 1852: 111. Helix (Leptaxis) vulcania R. T. Lowe, 1852

Plate 8. DISCIDAE, GEOMITRIDAE & HELICIDAE FROM THE CANARY ISLANDS 15. Helix (Lucilla) putrescens R. T. Lowe, 1861: 75. Helix (Discula) pulverulenta R. T. Lowe, 1861: 76. Helix (Turricula) mirandae R. T. Lowe, 1861: 94. Helix (Iberus) berkeleii R. T. Lowe, 1861: 95. Helix (Mycena) psathyra R. T. Lowe, 1861: 96. Helix (Macularia) saponacea R. T. Lowe, 1861. A–E Five examples of the glass topped boxes, contents and reverse of the Booth collection of critically endangered/possible extinct species. A, label reads "Helix lyelliana Lowe, Great Deserta I" B, label reads "Pupa cassida Lowe, Madeira". C, label reads "Helix tetrica Lowe, Great Deserta I." D, label reads "Helix delphinuloides Lowe, Madeira". E, label reads Helix putrescens, Palma. F, label reads "Helix pulverulenta Lowe, Grand Canary". F, label reads Helix subplicata = gueriniana Lowe, Madeira".

Acknowledgements

The senior author wishes to acknowledge the financial support from John Ellerman Foundation’s Regional Museums and Galleries Fund. as part of the project “Mollusca Types in Great Britain & Ireland”.
The authors wish to thank the help they have received from a number of colleagues in museums holding collection data relevant to R. T. Lowe: Jon Ablett, Natural History Museum, London; Holly Morgenroth, Royal Albert Memorial Museum and Art Gallery, Exeter; Richard Preece, Zoological Museum University of Cambridge; Sankurie Pye, National Museums of Scotland; Harriet Wood, Amgueddfa Cymru, National Museum of Wales. Also to Sandra Mesquita of InBIO, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa for alerting us to the Lowe/Webb correspondence.

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1. Booth and the Booth Museum at
   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth_Museum_of_Natural_History (accessed 25/10/2022). ⇧
   

2. See Petit (2009). ⇧
   

3. See Ellis (1950). ⇧
   

4. See Trew (1990). ⇧
   

5. See Winckworth (1949). ⇧
   

6. In 1909, Mr E. A. Smith exhibited on behalf of Colonel Wilmer, a living sinistral specimen of Helicella caperata from Brighton Downs found by Colonel Wilmer. ⇧
   

7. See Winckworth (1946) ⇧
   

8. See Badcock (1964). ⇧
   

9. Original MSS in the Università degli Studi di Firenze, Biblioteca di Scienze, Proyecto Humboldt. Available at: http://fundacionorotava.es/pynakes/lise/lowe_carta_en_01_1828/1/ (accessed 11 July 2018). ⇧
   

P. Graham Oliver
Honorary Research Fellow, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff
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Klaus Groh
Malacologist, Consultant Office Beratender Dipl.-Biol. Klaus Groh, Bad Dürkheim, Germany
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Lee Ismail
Curator, Natural History. Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton
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